Economics Custom Essay samples, Free samples: college essays, admission, argumentive essays


	▪ American History ▪ Art ▪ Biographies ▪ Business ▪ Case Studies ▪ Communication & Media ▪ Computer Technologies ▪ Controversial Topics ▪ Culture ▪ Economics APEC Adam Smith Alfred Marshall Antitrust Policy Austrian School Liberalism Budget Deficit Classical Liberalism Division of Labor Economic Growth Economics and Natural Resources Economics of War Economy of Learning and Motion Foundations of Economics Freedom of Competition Geographic Specialization of Economic Activities Global Economy Government and Market Governmental Monopoly History of Economics Inflation and Unemployment Japanese Economics Keynesian Economics Malthus’s Doctrine Marginalism Marxist Economics Medieval Economics Mill’s Liberalism Modern Liberalism Money, Gold and Inflation Monopolism Monopoly Capital Multinationals Oligopoly Political Economy History Political Economy and State Security Political Radicalism Post-Marxian Socialist Economics Poverty and Inequality Procapitalist Economics Ricardian Economics The Role of Wealth World Trade Organization ▪ Education ▪ Environmental Issues ▪ Finance		▪ Geography ▪ Health ▪ History ▪ Internet ▪ Management ▪ Media ▪ Philosophy ▪ Politics ▪ Religion ▪ Roman History ▪ Science and Technology ▪ Sociology ▪ World Literature


	The History of HIV/AIDS

	Imagine a disease that was usually fatal and could spread each and every time two people have sex. Now imagine that that disease progressed so slowly that it took an average of ten years from the time of infection until the infected person's death, sometimes as much as twenty years. Let's also imagine that the disease was caused by a virus so small, a mere 130 millionth of a millimeter in diameter, that if it was magnified several times, it still could not be seen with the naked eye. And what if the disease affected mostly people in the prime of their lives, rather than at the end of their years? And what if the disease produced hideous symptoms like purplish blotches on the skin, extreme fatigue, and severe weight loss? And imagine that disease was new and spreading around the world at an alarming rate, infecting tens of millions of people.


	▪	Alternative Schooling
	▪	Freedom of Speech: Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
	▪	Homosexuality: Biology and/or Culture?
	▪	Fossil Fuels: Coal, Gas, and Petroleum
	▪	Generating and Transmitting Electricity
	▪	Rise of the Steel Industry
	▪	The Development of the Automobile
	▪	Extinction of Species
	▪	Legalization of Drugs
	▪	Corporate Social Responsibility
	▪	The U.S.A. Patriot Act
	▪	Death Penalty Contradictions
	▪	The Right to Die
	▪	Affirmative Action: Pursuing Fairness
	▪	The Abortion Reform Movement
	▪	Puritanism in America
	▪	Early Christian Art
	▪	Theodore Roosevelt
	▪	Labor Rights
	▪	Medieval Chivalry
	▪	Understanding Marijuana
	▪	Medicine in the Classical World
	▪	Health Care Policy in the US
	▪	Psychedelic Drugs Abuse
	▪	Ethics of Doctor-Patient Relationships
	▪	Religion of Rome and Early Italy
	▪	Standardized Testing
	▪	Economics of Alfred Marshall
	▪	Confucian Moral Self Cultivation
	▪	Genocide in Rwanda
	▪	Andy Warhol
	▪	Accounting Ethics
	▪	Benito Mussolini
	▪	Anthony Comstock
	▪	Henry Ford
	▪	Bram Stoker
	▪	The Television Industries: Broadcast, Cable, and Satellite
	▪	Online Gambling
	▪	New Spain
	▪	Homeopathy
	▪	International Financial Flows
	▪	Experiencing Culture Shock
	▪	Computer-Mediated Communication
	▪	Political Advertising
	▪	International Human Rights
	▪	The Iran-Contra Affairs

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Economics Custom Essays samples

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APEC


	Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

	Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is no longer "talk only". It is an institutionalized forum of 18 sovereign nation-states: the United States, Canada, Mexico and Chile on the American shore of the Pacific, Japan, South Korea, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, on the Asian shore, and Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands in the South Pacific. The principal item of its agenda is to liberalize intraregional trade and investment flows with a target for free trade by 2010/ 2015/ 2020.

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▪	Adam Smith


	Adam Smith

	...Adam Smith will always be called the father of economics, and no one can take his place. This is due to the great efforts he exerted in order to enrich the field of economics. He was trying his best to talk about most of the aspects that is controlling the economic land. Wages, profits, and savings are three areas that Adam Smith gave great attention to. It is stated in "Adam Smith" which was written by Campbell and Skinner that Adam smith Defined wages "as a form of return which accrued to those who must earn subsistence through the scale of their labor power arguing that this is a particular type of monetary reward is payable by those who require the factor" in other words, wages is what is paid by the owner to those who work, and this payment is through money.

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▪	Alfred Marshall


	Economics of Alfred Marshall

	Marshall's restatement of classical doctrine is far more difficult of summary, even in its most general form, than the Ricardian analysis. Most of it, indeed, must await the setting of later discussions to become possible of presentation within practicable limits of space. Along with his predecessors, Marshall is a price economist, a demand-and-supply economist, and, in principle and emphasis, a supply and cost-of-production economist. The demand aspects of his analysis are, without serious difficulty, to be articulated with the little that classical doctrine had to say in this regard.

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▪	Antitrust Policy


	U.S. Antitrust Policy

	U.S. antitrust policy is not based on any single, coherent objective or rationale. There are two reasons for this. One is the diversity of its sources; the other stems from ideological confusions about competitive markets and the realities that provoked antitrust legislation. The diverse sources include the policy's origins in the English common law, the Sherman Act of 1890 based on that common law, the legislation of 1914--the Clayton and FTC Acts--which recognized some tendencies for free competition to break down, the judicial gloss put on the legislation, which has taken on a life of its own, and most recently, the intrusion of economic theory that has come to dominate enforcement policy. This diversity of origins brings with it ideological conflicts between its legislative, judicial, bureaucratic, and academic authors.

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▪	Austrian School Liberalism


	Liberalism of the Austrian School

	An examination of the philosophical foundations of the Austrian School's liberalism must consider both its approach to the problem of the nature and role of political philosophy in society, and the position of political philosophy within the framework of the social sciences. Naturally this involves an appraisal of the Austrian approach vis-à-vis the various tendencies of constructivist rationalism, but also in comparison with the philosophical-political trends that proposed to 'rehabilitate' the practical function of political philosophy. Critique of the tradition of constructivist rationalism is-as has been seen-a constant and essential feature of the work of the Austrian School. No less important to the present discussion, especially in view of the problem of modernity, is some reference to elements that distinguish the Austrian School from other contemporary attempts to rehabilitate political philosophy as scientia practica.

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▪	Budget Deficit


	Federal Budget Deficit

	Few topics in American politics are more discussed and less understood than the federal budget deficit. We frequently hear that deficit reduction is vital to our prosperity, but we rarely hear why this might be so. The deficit is blamed for all manner of economic ills, ranging from high interest rates to unemployment to the trade deficit to the low rate of national saving to low productivity growth--whichever seems most crucial at the moment--but little attention is paid to why it might have any of these effects.

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▪	Classical Liberalism


	Classical Liberal Perspective

	Classical Liberalism envisions society as an aggregation of autonomous individuals seeking to pursue their private interests. Ideally, all social interaction should consist of voluntary exchanges among persons, and every individual has the right to be free from the arbitrary exercise of power. With its focus on individual choice as the primary determinant of social outcomes, Classical Liberalism is ideally suited for expression in the form of economic theory. In fact, the historical development of Classical Liberalism closely aligns with the history of economic thought, starting with classical political economy, continuing with the Austrian branch of neoclassical economics, and culminating in a variety of current bodies of thought including neo-Austrian economics, public choice theory, new classical economics, law and economics, new institutional economics, constitutional economics, libertarianism, supply-side economics, monetarism, and property-rights theory.

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▪	Division of Labor


	Division of Labor

	Human life and well-being depend on the production of wealth. The production of wealth vitally depends on the division of labor, that is, a system of production in which the labor required to support human life and well-being is broken down into separate, distinct occupations. As we have seen, under a system of division of labor, the individual lives by producing, or helping to produce, just one thing or at most a very few things, and is supplied by the labor of others for the far greater part of his needs.

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▪	Economic Growth


	Economic Growth

	Economic growth can come from a number of sources. It can occur as a consequence of rising population, as has been common throughout recorded history, although increasing output in this way does not necessarily result in any improvement in living standards. The kind of growth which is of much greater importance economically is the sort which leads to higher output per head, or increasing productivity. This is the only way in which rising standards of living can be achieved.

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▪	Economics and Natural Resources


	Economics and Natural Resources

	The potential for economic progress is in no way limited by any fundamental lack of natural resources. Despite the claims so often made that we are in danger of running out of natural resources, the fact is that the world is made out of natural resources – out of solidly packed natural resources, extending from the upper limits of its atmosphere to its very center, four thousand miles down. This is so because the entire mass of the earth is made of nothing but chemical elements, all of which are natural resources. For example, the earth's core is composed mainly of iron and nickel – millions of cubic miles of iron and nickel. Its oceans and atmosphere are composed of millions of cubic miles of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon, and of lesser, but still enormous, quantities of practically every other element.

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▪	Economics of War


	Economics of War

	As Admiral Yamamoto feared, the Japanese victory at Pearl Harbor awakened a sleeping giant and filled it with an awful rage. The last of the dissension that had disabled the United States melted away, and strong public support for the war, mixed with a perceived danger of invasion, allowed the government to expand its role dramatically. The limited Keynesianism of the later New Deal gave way to a modified command economy, as the federal government obtained a domination of the economy unprecedented in American history. 1 The sweeping grant of power to an experienced national leadership with an expressed commitment to limiting war profits augured well for the success of the antiprofiteering effort. Mobilizing American industry for World War II was an enormous task. America's role in the second great conflict of the century was certain to exceed its earlier participation by a large margin, but it was obvious that the United States would rely heavily on its traditional strategy of overwhelming its enemies with its vastly superior productive capacity. The economic problems associated with war mobilization would differ in degree, but they would generally correspond to earlier experiences. Many of the techniques used to equalize sacrifice and to prevent swollen fortunes during the Great War could be used again. These included excess profits taxation, price controls, luxury taxes, and rationing.

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▪	Economy of Learning and Motion


	Economy of Learning and Motion

	The division of labor increases the efficiency of the processes of learning and motion that are entailed in production. First, under the division of labor, the individual who learns an occupation is able to apply his learning repeatedly, because he devotes his full working time to that occupation. The effect of this repetition is that he becomes extremely proficient in the use of his knowledge. In effect, he subconsciously automatizes the knowledge-he learns it so well that he no longer has to think things out step by step, as one does before one has the necessary experience or after one has been away from a field for a long time. A worker who is constantly practiced in his work can obviously accomplish a great deal more in the same time than one who is not. Outside the division of labor, on the other hand, even in cases in which people might be able to acquire sufficient knowledge to accomplish something, they would most likely not have sufficient occasion to use that knowledge to become proficient in its use.

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▪	Foundations of Economics


	Foundations of Economics

	Economics has been defined in a variety of ways. In the nineteenth century it was typically defined as the science of wealth or of exchangeable wealth. In the twentieth century, it has typically been defined as the science that studies the allocation of scarce means among competing ends. The importance of economics derives from the specific importance of wealth – of material goods – to human life and well-being. Obviously, human life depends on food, clothing, and shelter. Moreover, experience shows that there is no limit to the amount of wealth that practically all civilized men and women desire, and that the greatest part of their waking hours is actually spent in efforts to acquire it – namely, in efforts to earn a living.

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▪	Freedom of Competition


	Freedom of Competition

	If there is anything for which capitalism is more strongly denounced than its competition, it is its alleged lack of competition and tendencies toward monopoly. These denunciations stem in large part from a failure properly to understand the meaning of freedom of competition and of monopoly. The terms are usually understood in the light of the anarchic rather than of the rational concept of freedom. According to the rational concept of freedom, of course, freedom means the absence of the initiation of physical force - in particular, on the part of the government. Viewed in a positive light, freedom is the freedom to do whatever one is otherwise capable of doing, unconstrained by the initiation of physical force.

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▪	Geographic Specialization of Economic Activities


	Geographic Specialization

	A special aspect of individuals concentrating on what they do best is the more efficient utilization of land and natural resources. What an individual does best depends not only on his intellectual and bodily endowments, but also on the external conditions of nature that confront him. An individual living in a tropical climate, say, is able to grow tropical fruits or vegetables far more easily than someone living in a temperate climate, if the latter can grow them at all. An individual living close to rich deposits of iron ore, say, is able to mine such ore far more easily than someone not living close to such deposits, if the latter can mine iron ore at all.

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▪	Global Economy


	Global Economy

	The global economy can be represented in various ways, and broken down in various ways. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of Earth, e.g. ecoregions which represent different agricultural and resource extraction opportunities.

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▪	Government and Market


	Governmental Market Regulation

	From the Classical Liberal perspective, government in modern societies neither promotes the public interest nor serves as benevolent guardian protecting the property and rights of all citizens. Just the opposite is true; government is a predatory oppressor, extorting money from citizens and limiting their freedom. Moreover, government is the primary tool by which powerful groups secure their privileges and oppress their fellow citizens. At best, government is an inefficient bureaucracy, squandering resources while providing services that, for the most part, are either unnecessary or could have been produced in the private sector at lower cost.

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▪	Governmental Monopoly


	Govermental Monopoly

	Government-owned and government-subsidized enterprises represent monopoly, in that markets or parts of markets are reserved to their exclusive possession by means of the initiation of physical force. Government-subsidized enterprises, of course, are a category which includes all government-owned enterprises, inasmuch as the initial resources of government-owned enterprises are provided by the government and their subsequent losses are covered by the government.

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▪	History of Economics


	History of Economics

	Some general observations about the history of economics are in order before the reader faces the diversity of detail that makes up the universe of history. Unlike general history or economic history, the history of economics does not deal with events but with ideas. Thus what Gibbon said of general history -that it is "little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind" -- does not directly apply to the history of ideas, which reflects general history only after the latter has passed through the filter of the human mind.

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