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	▪ American History ▪ Art ▪ Biographies ▪ Business ▪ Case Studies ▪ Communication & Media ▪ Computer Technologies ▪ Controversial Topics ▪ Culture ▪ Economics ▪ Education ▪ Environmental Issues ▪ Finance		▪ Geography ▪ Health ADD AIDS Abortion Addiction Aging Alzheimer's American Health Care System Anxiety Aphasia Autism Black Death Plague Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Cocaine Communication and Aging Deafness Depressant Drugs Doctor-Patient Relationship Eating Disorders Environment Influence on Health Genetic Engineering Health Care Policy Health Education Health Psychology Health and Fitness in the Workplace History of Medicine Homeopathy Human Birth Human Experimentation Language Disorders Leisure and Recreation Malnutrition Manic Depression Marijuana Medical Education Natural Medicine Organ Transplantation Psychedelic Drugs Stem Cell Research Stimulant Drugs Transgenics Twins ▪ History ▪ Internet ▪ Management ▪ Media ▪ Philosophy ▪ Politics ▪ Religion ▪ Roman History ▪ Science and Technology ▪ Sociology ▪ World Literature


	The History of HIV/AIDS

	Imagine a disease that was usually fatal and could spread each and every time two people have sex. Now imagine that that disease progressed so slowly that it took an average of ten years from the time of infection until the infected person's death, sometimes as much as twenty years. Let's also imagine that the disease was caused by a virus so small, a mere 130 millionth of a millimeter in diameter, that if it was magnified several times, it still could not be seen with the naked eye. And what if the disease affected mostly people in the prime of their lives, rather than at the end of their years? And what if the disease produced hideous symptoms like purplish blotches on the skin, extreme fatigue, and severe weight loss? And imagine that disease was new and spreading around the world at an alarming rate, infecting tens of millions of people.


	▪	Alternative Schooling
	▪	Freedom of Speech: Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
	▪	Homosexuality: Biology and/or Culture?
	▪	Fossil Fuels: Coal, Gas, and Petroleum
	▪	Generating and Transmitting Electricity
	▪	Rise of the Steel Industry
	▪	The Development of the Automobile
	▪	Extinction of Species
	▪	Legalization of Drugs
	▪	Corporate Social Responsibility
	▪	The U.S.A. Patriot Act
	▪	Death Penalty Contradictions
	▪	The Right to Die
	▪	Affirmative Action: Pursuing Fairness
	▪	The Abortion Reform Movement
	▪	Puritanism in America
	▪	Early Christian Art
	▪	Theodore Roosevelt
	▪	Labor Rights
	▪	Medieval Chivalry
	▪	Understanding Marijuana
	▪	Medicine in the Classical World
	▪	Health Care Policy in the US
	▪	Psychedelic Drugs Abuse
	▪	Ethics of Doctor-Patient Relationships
	▪	Religion of Rome and Early Italy
	▪	Standardized Testing
	▪	Economics of Alfred Marshall
	▪	Confucian Moral Self Cultivation
	▪	Genocide in Rwanda
	▪	Andy Warhol
	▪	Accounting Ethics
	▪	Benito Mussolini
	▪	Anthony Comstock
	▪	Henry Ford
	▪	Bram Stoker
	▪	The Television Industries: Broadcast, Cable, and Satellite
	▪	Online Gambling
	▪	New Spain
	▪	Homeopathy
	▪	International Financial Flows
	▪	Experiencing Culture Shock
	▪	Computer-Mediated Communication
	▪	Political Advertising
	▪	International Human Rights
	▪	The Iran-Contra Affairs

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Health Custom Essays samples

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ADD


	Attention Deficit Disorder

	Current concepts of hyperkinetic and attention deficit disorders have several historical roots ( Rutter, 1982; Schachar, 1986; Weiss & Hechtman, 1986). However, much of the earlier literature was based on the notion that the disorder was synonymous with "minimal brain dysfunction" or MBD ( Wender, 1971; Clements, 1966). This idea derived from the writings of Strauss and his colleagues ( Strauss & Lehtinen, 1947) regarding behavioral syndromes supposedly due to brain damage in mildly mentally handicapped individuals; from the studies of Pasamanick and his colleagues ( Pasamanick & Knobloch, 1966) linking a "continuum of reproductive casualty" with hyperactive behaviour; and most of all from Bradley's ( 1937) discovery of the therapeutic effect of amphetamines in the treatment of behavioral and educational problems. Much of the argument in favor of the concept of "minimal brain dysfunction" was based on circular reasoning of various types and it has not stood the test of time ( Rutter, 1983). The hypothesis of a single characteristic MBD syndrome that takes the form of hyperactivity no longer warrants serious scientific consideration.

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AIDS


	The Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

	The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States and throughout much of the world has been enormous. By the mid-1990s, over a third of a million Americans had died of AIDS, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had revised their estimate of living persons with HIV/AIDS downward from about a million to a more conservative estimate of 650,000 to 900,000 people. On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO) was continually increasing its estimate of persons living with HIV/AIDS throughout the world up to over 20 million and were expecting over 40 million in less than five years. By the end of 1997, the United Nations revised their estimate of persons with HIV upwards to 30.6 million.

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Abortion


	Abortion Controversy

	Abortion is a controversial and emotional subject over which people are deeply divided. At this time--the last decade of the twentieth century-compromise between contending factions seems to be impossible because of the passion with which conflicting views are held. Even the terms that partisans of each position use to describe their views bear emotional freight. Anti-abortionists label themselves pro-life; they are not just opposed to abortion, they believe that the fetus is a complete, living person, deserving of legal protection. Those in favor of legalized abortion deny that they are pro abortion, for indeed most believe that abortion is undesirable, even though it is sometimes necessary. They call themselves pro-choice; they believe that women should be able to decide for themselves whether or not they should bear a child, and should not be subjected to the dictates of the government.

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Addiction


	Addictive Disorders

	Recent inquiry into methods of treating alcohol and drug abuse have been frustrated by the same conclusion: "Does the person really change?" Naturally the goals of abstinence, of sobriety, invoke all sorts of personal commitment to change--from alcohol or drug consumption to life patterns. Altering interpersonal, social, occupational, and recreational variables dismantles the vicious cycle of repeated addiction developed over a period of time. But what does this accomplish? The goal of fully disinfecting an addict's world of cues and urges is to prevent relapse; or is the goal simpler: to modify specific addictive behaviors at the root of the problem? Both are credible goals. Systems therapists subscribe primarily to the first goal, whereas behavioral therapists focus on the second.

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Aging


	Aging in Society

	This essay is concerned with the social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors that affect both the process of growing old and the place of older people in society. Research already shows the power of these factors; it shows that aging and the status of the elderly are not inevitably fixed but are subject to social modification and change. But more research is needed on how these factors operate. In order to enhance the quality of life for older people and to contain the personal and social costs of health care and dependency, more knowledge is required to strengthen the scientific basis for professional practice and public policy.

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▪	Alzheimer's


	Alzheimer's Disease

	Alzheimer's is a disease of the brain that causes a gradual but progressive loss of abilities in memory, thinking, reasoning, judgment, orientation, and speech. It causes an inability to recognize and identify objects and carry out motor activities. People with the disease are eventually unable to perform the most basic activities of daily living such as dressing, cooking, and bathing. AD is not the result of normal aging, but it does occur more frequently in those 65 years of age or older.

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▪	American Health Care System


	American Health Care System

	...The first phase started in the mid-nineteenth century, when the first large hospitals, such as Bellevue Hospital in Boston, began to prosper. The development of the hospitals symbolized the institutionalization of health care for the first time in the United States. The second significant historical phase began around the turn of the century with the introduction of the scientific method into medicine.

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Anxiety


	Theories of Anxiety

	It is agreed by students of anxiety-- Freud, Goldstein, Horney, to mention only three--that anxiety is a diffuse apprehension, and that the central difference between fear and anxiety is that fear is a reaction to a specific danger while anxiety is unspecific, "vague," "objectless." The special characteristics of anxiety are the feelings of uncertainty and helplessness in the face of the danger. The nature of anxiety can be understood when we ask what is threatened in the experience which produces anxiety. The threat is to something in the "core or essence" of the personality. Anxiety is the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a personality. The threat may be to physical or psychological life (death, or loss of freedom), or it may be to some other value which the individual identifies with his existence (patriotism, the love of another person, "success," etc.). The occasions of anxiety will vary with different people as widely as the values on which they depend vary, but what will always be true in anxiety is that the threat is to a value held by that particular individual to be essential to his existence and consequently to his security as a personality.

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Aphasia


	Conduction Aphasia

	If one follows the standard clinical description of conduction aphasia as a disturbance in repetition that is paired with relatively preserved spontaneous speech and auditory comprehension, a heterogeneous group of patients will result. At this level, the possible underlying deficits responsible for conduction aphasia are so varied as to render this syndrome of little use at both the clinical and experimental level. However, by examining the range of behaviors associated with conduction aphasics, more homogeneous sets of aphasics should emerge.

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Autism


	Conception of the Autism Spectrum

	Autism and the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are highly complex and variable in their clinical presentation and manifestations. For example, symptoms and characteristics change with developmental maturity and vary with the degree of associated cognitive impairment (Filipek et al., 1999a). This evolving pattern of clinical features can make the differential diagnostic process very difficult in some cases. Nonetheless, the defining feature of autism is the presence of a distinctive impairment in the nature and quality of social and communicative development (influenced by the specific biological and environmental circumstances of the individual). It is this impairment that distinguishes autism from other neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., mental retardation, developmental language disorders, specific learning disabilities). For example, whereas mental retardation is characterized by a pervasive developmental delay, autism is characterized by a distinctive impairment in the nature of social-communicative development. The prognostic significance of this autistic social dysfunction is underscored by preliminary studies that report a negative correlation between the severity of this social impairment and treatment responsiveness, at least with regard to social and linguistic growth following intensive, behaviorally based early intervention (Ingersoll, Schreibman, & Stahmer, 2001).

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▪	Black Death Plague


	The Black Death

	A few single events in English history have been both sudden and enormously important. English history without the battle of Hastings and the consequent imposition of a new Norman aristocracy, or without the battle of Saratoga, and the consequent loss of the American colonies, would be unimaginably different. The Black Death of 1349 is a turning point of a different but equally decisive kind. It initiated a long period in which the basic material forces working on society were different from what they had been in the central Middle Ages, and this change had profound effects on almost every aspect of history in the century after. The first plague of 1349 was unmatched in its ferocity but it began a long period, ending only with the Great Plague of London in 1665, in which pestilence frequently recurred; during the centuries of the Renaissance and Reformation men lived in terror of this common scourge. The age of plague began quite suddenly with the Black Death and it quickly altered the climate and tendencies of English history.

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▪	Chronic Fatigue Syndrome


	Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

	CFIDS ("Chronic fatigue / immune dysfunction syndrome") is one of about fifty names for an illness that only recently has become recognized as a specific entity. The illness has been called chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome (CEBV), post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS), and chronic mononucleosis. It has been ridiculed and demeaned with the term "yuppie flu." In Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and many other parts of the world it is called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). It is possible that this illness is the same as or closely related to fibromyalgia. "Chronic fatigue / immune dysfunction syndrome" is perhaps the most widely known name in the United States and is synonymous with the term "chronic fatigue syndrome" (CFS). The list keeps growing.

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Cocaine


	Cocaine: A Drug and Society

	Because cocaine is illegal, everything about its social status remains half-concealed; because the large-scale interest in it is so recent, there has been little time for a new descriptive literature to accumulate. It is impossible to find out the true extent of the illicit traffic; no substantial public surveys on cocaine use and users are available; even arrest statistics are unreliable, because the Federal Bureau of Investigation continues to lump cocaine with opiates (as a "narcotic") in its Uniform Crime Reports. Most important of all, the situation is changing fast; no stable pattern has yet emerged either in the use of the drug or in attitudes toward it. What we write today may seem naive or outdated in a year or two. In this kind of situation two poses are common: the spurious knowingness of the insider who imagines his own experience to be more extensive or more representative than it is; and the journalistic sensationalism of the outsider cashing in on the shock value of illicit drug use.

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▪	Communication and Aging


	Aging and Communication

	The United States is becoming an increasingly mature country. The Administration on Aging ( 1998) published information, based on data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, that in 1997 people 65 years old or older numbered 34.1 million or 12.7% of the U.S. population. Since 1900, the percentage of Americans over the age of 65 has tripled, while the number of these individuals has grown by a factor of 11. By the time the youngest members of the baby-boom generation reach 65 (in the year 2030), depending on how the estimate is conducted, between 58 and 78 million Americans, representing 19 to 21% of the total population, will be over 65. The present older population is, of course, also getting older. The fastest growing segment of the population is the oldest-old, those individuals 85 years old and older. This group increased by 274% between 1960 and 1994. For whatever reason, be it advances in medical technology, improved social programs for elderly people, or some evolutionary advance in the adaptational mechanism of the human species, we are all living longer. This longevity affects every facet of our lives, from marital relationships to marketing strategies to architectural design. For no other reason than their sheer numbers, older people in this society are gaining attention.

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Deafness


	Psychological Perspective on Deafness

	Investigators are drawn to the psychological study of deafness for a variety of reasons. Researchers in this area come from such diverse backgrounds as linguistics and psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, perception, speech and hearing, education, and developmental psychology. Within developmental psychology, the area draws from those interested in language acquisition, social development, cognitive development, and developmental disabilities. Yet others come to study deafness with more specific interests: in neurophysiology, in intelligence, in reading, in creativity. Finally, of course, there are those investigators whose backgrounds are originally and entirely within the field of deafness by virtue of their clinical, experimental, or personal interests.

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▪	Depressant Drugs


	Depressant Drugs Abuse

	Depressant drugs, including alcohol and opiates, are among the oldest drugs known and used by man. Indeed, despite our extensive, modern pharmacopoeia, alcohol continues to be the most widely used and abused depressant drug in our society. Sedative-hypnotic drugs, appropriately prescribed, provide needed relief from debilitating anxiety and insomnia. Appropriately prescribed opiates ease the crippling effects of pain. Most people who need them respond well to them. Most physicians who prescribe them do so appropriately. But, influenced by genetic factors, environmental stressors, or inappropriate prescribing practices, a subgroup of patients experience a destructive compulsion when exposed to these critical drugs. The depressant drugs save the lives of many, and cause the destruction of others.

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▪	Doctor-Patient Relationship


	Ethics of Doctor-Patient Relationships

	Codes or statements of ethical principles have existed to guide medical practitioners for almost 2500 years. Their purposes are to ensure the community receives the highest standards of care and to prevent doctors abusing the trust and power granted to them by the community. The basis for the principles contained in the modern codes originated in Greece through what is usually termed the Hippocratic Oath. Hippocrates was born on the island of Kos in 460 BC and was responsible for the beginnings of a scientific approach to medicine through his teaching and practice of medicine in Greece. He forthrightly rejected the magic and sorcery of the priest healers of the Asklepeion school. Hippocrates' teachings covered all branches of medicine and included the moral and ethical requirements of an ideal physician which were subsequently epitomized in the Hippocratic Oath. His writings are collected into the Corpus Hippocraticum which comprises 70 books, many of which were probably written by his disciples many years after his death.