Sociology Custom Essay samples, Free samples: college essays, admission, argumentive essays


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	The History of HIV/AIDS

	Imagine a disease that was usually fatal and could spread each and every time two people have sex. Now imagine that that disease progressed so slowly that it took an average of ten years from the time of infection until the infected person's death, sometimes as much as twenty years. Let's also imagine that the disease was caused by a virus so small, a mere 130 millionth of a millimeter in diameter, that if it was magnified several times, it still could not be seen with the naked eye. And what if the disease affected mostly people in the prime of their lives, rather than at the end of their years? And what if the disease produced hideous symptoms like purplish blotches on the skin, extreme fatigue, and severe weight loss? And imagine that disease was new and spreading around the world at an alarming rate, infecting tens of millions of people.


	▪	Alternative Schooling
	▪	Freedom of Speech: Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
	▪	Homosexuality: Biology and/or Culture?
	▪	Fossil Fuels: Coal, Gas, and Petroleum
	▪	Generating and Transmitting Electricity
	▪	Rise of the Steel Industry
	▪	The Development of the Automobile
	▪	Extinction of Species
	▪	Legalization of Drugs
	▪	Corporate Social Responsibility
	▪	The U.S.A. Patriot Act
	▪	Death Penalty Contradictions
	▪	The Right to Die
	▪	Affirmative Action: Pursuing Fairness
	▪	The Abortion Reform Movement
	▪	Puritanism in America
	▪	Early Christian Art
	▪	Theodore Roosevelt
	▪	Labor Rights
	▪	Medieval Chivalry
	▪	Understanding Marijuana
	▪	Medicine in the Classical World
	▪	Health Care Policy in the US
	▪	Psychedelic Drugs Abuse
	▪	Ethics of Doctor-Patient Relationships
	▪	Religion of Rome and Early Italy
	▪	Standardized Testing
	▪	Economics of Alfred Marshall
	▪	Confucian Moral Self Cultivation
	▪	Genocide in Rwanda
	▪	Andy Warhol
	▪	Accounting Ethics
	▪	Benito Mussolini
	▪	Anthony Comstock
	▪	Henry Ford
	▪	Bram Stoker
	▪	The Television Industries: Broadcast, Cable, and Satellite
	▪	Online Gambling
	▪	New Spain
	▪	Homeopathy
	▪	International Financial Flows
	▪	Experiencing Culture Shock
	▪	Computer-Mediated Communication
	▪	Political Advertising
	▪	International Human Rights
	▪	The Iran-Contra Affairs

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Sociology Custom Essays samples

▪	Abortion Moral Arguments


	Abortion. Moral Arguments

	An abortion is the premature termination of pregnancy resulting in the death of any or all carried embryo(s) or fetus(es). In medicine, the following terms are used to define an abortion: - Spontaneous abortion: An abortion due to accidental trauma or natural causes. Also known as a miscarriage. - Induced abortion: Deliberate (human induced) abortion. Induced abortions are further subcategorized into therapeutic abortions and elective abortions. - Therapeutic abortion: An abortion performed because the pregnancy poses physical or mental health risk to the pregnant woman (gravida). - Elective abortion: An abortion performed for any other reason. In common parlance, the term "abortion" is used exclusively for induced abortion. A pregnancy that terminates early, but where the fetus survives to become a live infant, is instead termed a premature birth. A pregnancy that ends with an infant dead upon birth, due to causes such as spontaneous abortion, is termed a stillbirth. Certain forms of birth control are used to prevent implantation before the pregnancy occurs. These acts of emergency contraception are often considered the equivalent of abortion, but are not classified as such in medicine. The ethics and morality of induced abortion have become the subject of an intense debate in the past 50 years in various areas of the world, including the United States of America, Canada and a number of countries in Europe.

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▪	Affirmative Action


	Affirmative Action

	However, women have yet to achieve equality in the workplace as the gap in wages continues. Nationally, women earn 74 cents for every dollar earned by men. A National Academy of Science Report found that a significant proportion of these wage gaps could not be explained by factors such as education or work experience.

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▪	Aristocracy


	Nobles and Nobility

	The English nouns nobles and nobility derive not from Old English but from French and ultimately from Latin; and it was the lingua franca of late Latin that provided the semantic basis for the terminology of 'nobility' in the Latin-derived languages adopted by many of the Germanic peoples that established their rule in the Western Roman empire in the fifth and sixth centuries; and even where Latin did not become the language of the people, progressive Christianization brought the language of the Vulgate, the Latin Fathers, and the liturgy, and with it much of the Roman vocabulary of nobility. Underlying the Germanic actualities lay the inheritance of Roman constructions of a civil aristocracy, based on birth and civic/imperial service.

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Chivalry


	Medieval Chivalry

	Among its contemporaries, chivalry won high praise as one of the very pillars of medieval civilization, indeed, of all civilization. At the same time the practitioners of its great virtue, prowess, inspired fear in the hearts of those committed to certain ideals of order. As they worried about the problem of order in their developing civilization, thoughtful medieval people argued that chivalry (reformed to their standards) was the great hope, even as they sensed that unreformed chivalry was somehow the great cause for fear. How chivalry could be praised to the heavens at the same time it could be so feared as a dark and sinister force with flaming weaponry makes a topic worth investigating.

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▪	Civil Liberties


	Civil Liberties Policy

	The most important modern development in civil liberties policy as enunciated by the United States Supreme Court has been the nationalization of the Bill of Rights-that is, the process by which the Court has applied most of the rights in the Bill of Rights as restrictions on state power. The Bill of Rights was, of course, not a part of the original Constitution submitted to state ratifying conventions in 1787, but rather was proposed by Congress as amendments to the original Constitution and ratified by the states in 1791. During the ratification, citizens expressed fear of the powers conferred on the new national government, and the Bill of Rights was directed at restricting the powers of that government, not the powers of the states. Having reviewed the historical reasons for adoption of the Bill of Rights, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in 1833 in Barron v. Baltimore that the rights in the Bill of Rights were not limitations on the powers of the states, but rather were limitations exclusively on the powers of the national government.

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▪	Counterterrorism


	Counterterrorism

	It is important to recognize from the outset that no one solution exists for dealing with all types of dissident groups. What works in one place or time could fail in another. Terrorism is far too complex for one solution to be effective in dealing with all the possible threats. Among the more obvious possible responses to the threat of terrorism are the provision of greater security, better detection and prevention, repression, retaliation or punishment for foreign supporters of dissident groups, a firm stance of refusing to negotiate with terrorists as opposed to granting concessions, and international cooperation.

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▪	Division of Labor and Society


	Division of Labor and Society

	All of the preceding discussion of the division of labor can be summarized by saying that the division of labor increases the efficiency with which man is able to apply his mind, his body, and his nature-given environment to production. It expands his capacity to store and use knowledge, which knowledge it raises to a standard set by the most intelligent members of society. This standard in turn tends to rise higher and higher in each succeeding generation, as creative geniuses again and again enlarge the stock of technological knowledge. The division of labor also increases the degree to which knowledge of production is assimilated, the yield to the time spent in acquiring it, and the efficiency with which it is disseminated.

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▪	Frederick Douglass


	Frederick Douglass

	Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14, 1818 - February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia," Douglass was among the most prominent African-Americans of his time, and one of the most influential lecturers and authors in American history.

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▪	Harlem Renaissance


	The Harlem Renaissance

	The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African-American social thought and culture based in the African-American community forming in Harlem in New York City (USA). This period, extending from roughly 1920 to 1940, was expressed through every cultural medium�visual art, dance, music, theatre, literature, poetry, history and politics. Instead of using direct political means, African-American artists, writers, and musicians employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. Its lasting legacy is that for the first time (and across racial lines), African-American paintings, writings, and jazz became absorbed into mainstream culture. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after an anthology of notable African-American works entitled The New Negro and published by philosopher Alain Locke in 1925.

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▪	Human Rights


	History of Human Rights Theory

	A History of Human Rights Theory begins with the philosophers and rulers of ancient Greece and concludes with the aftermath of World War II when the United Nations established the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration, created in 1948, marks the point at which Western countries officially placed human rights on the international agenda.

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▪	Native Americans


	Native Americans

	Native Americans (also Indians, First Americans, American Indians, First Nations, First Peoples, Indigenous Peoples of America, Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, Native Canadians, Native Mexicans, Native Guatemalans, etc.) are those peoples indigenous to the Americas prior to European colonization and their descendants in modern times. This term encompasses a large number of distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of them still enduring as political communities. A comprehensive tribal list can be found under "Classification of Native Americans." The terms "Amerindian" and "American Indian", both of which are derivatives of "Indian" (as is "Amerind", though this term is more popular in linguistic circles), are not necessarily completely synonymous with "Native American". Although all Amerindians are Native Americans, not all Native Americans are Amerindians. "Amerindian" relates to a mega-group of peoples spanning the Americas that are related in culture and genetics, and are quite distinct from the later arriving Eskimos (Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples native to Alaska and the Canadian Arctic). The latter share their cultural and genetic commonality with other arctic peoples not native to the American continent, such as those from arctic Russian Siberia. Other indigenous peoples that are native to territorial possessions of American countries but are not specifically "Native American" (in the sense that they are not primarily culturally linked to the actual lands that comprise the American continent) are a diversity of Pacific Islanders including: Native Hawaiians (also known as Kanaka M�oli and Kanaka 'Oiwi) in the US state of Hawaii, natives of American Samoa (USA) and natives of Easter Island (Chile).

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▪	Social Movements and Change


	Social Movements and Social Change

	In spite of considerable consensus on the definition of a movement, studies tend to focus on such matters as the organization of the movement, leadership and following, the recruitment and motivation of members, ideology, and the internal changes or developments in movements over time. The actual effects of the movement upon the social order have less commonly been investigated.

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▪

Socialism


	Socialism

	From this point on, our discussion of the consequences of price controls becomes a discussion of the consequences of socialism. In studying the consequences of socialism, it does not matter whether we study an economy that has arrived at socialism through price and wage controls or one that has arrived at socialism openly, through the explicit nationalization of all industry. Nor does it matter whether socialism has been brought about peacefully, through lawful processes and the observance of democratic procedures, or by means of a violent revolution; it also does not matter whether the professed goal of socialism is universal brotherly love or the supremacy of a particular race or class. Economically, the system is the same in all these cases: The government owns the means of production and it is the government's responsibility to decide how they are to be used. Consequently, everything we will have to say about socialism will apply to all variants of socialism: to the socialism of the Nazis, to the socialism of the Communists, and to the socialism of the Social Democrats, such as the late Norman Thomas.

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▪	Socialism vs. Capitalism


	Socialism vs. Capitalism

	Just as capitalism - private ownership of the means of production--is indispensable to the existence of a division-of-labor society, so, by the same token, socialism and collectivism are incompatible with the existence of a division-of-labor society. The truth of these propositions is confirmed by the collapse of socialism in Eastern Europe and--how wonderful the words sound - the former Soviet Union. Despite extensive Western aid, economic conditions in the Communist bloc were so bad for so long that finally all hope of improvement under socialism has been abandoned and attempts are now underway to institute private ownership of the means of production and establish a price system.

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▪	Spartan Society


	Spartan Society

	Ancient Sparta: a militaristic and totalitarian state, holding down an enslaved population, the helots, by terror and violence, educating its young by a system incorporating all the worst features of the traditional English public school, and deliberately turning its back on the intellectual and artistic life of the rest of Greece. Such, at least, is the picture, if any, which mention of the name consciously or unconsciously conjures up in the minds of most people in this country today. The liberal democratic tradition that dominates modern English thought has very naturally tended to idealize Sparta's great rival, democratic Athens; and its consequent distrust of Sparta was reinforced by reaction against a very different set of political ideas, particularly prominent in Germany, where admiration for Sparta reached a fantastic conclusion under the Nazis; to some writers, at that time, Sparta was the most purely Nordic state in Greece, and an exemplar of National Socialist virtues. Two hundred years ago, however, an ordinary educated Englishman would most probably have viewed the Spartan constitution as a prototype of the British limited monarchy in all its perfection; his French contemporary might have been one of those who revered her, with Rousseau and others, primarily as an egalitarian, often more or less communistic, republic. Two hundred years before that she appeared in still other guises; as the ideal aristocratic republic, for example, practically indistinguishable from Venice. And so we might go on.

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▪	The Beginning of Civil Rights Movement


	Civil Rights Movement. The Beginning.

	Civil rights campaigns in the U.S. have been dominated by racial politics. Although slavery was abolished and freed slaves were given the right to vote in 1865, southern states used laws and vigilantism to maintain black Americans as a non-voting lower class of citizen subject to repressive rules of conduct. The federal government, while aware of the situation, had limited jurisdiction over these matters and feared the political effects of provoking the South. A breakthrough came when president Harry S. Truman integrated the armed forces by executive order in 1948. This action was followed by a broad movement throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s to secure and enforce the civil rights of all black Americans. Other legal and political issues in the United States are often described as pertaining to the protection of civil rights, such as interpretations of the Bill of Rights (regarding, for example, freedom of speech and gun politics), labor laws, business regulations, property rights and eminent domain, and the questions of abortion and same sex marriage. Social discrimination is being reliefed by the protection of laborers from abuse by employers. Also, since the terrorist attacks in New York City issues other than racial, sexual or social discrimination move into the center of attention. The controversial Patriot Act has served as a spearhead for this issue wherein citizen's right to privacy is restricted for the safety of the nation.

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▪	Worker Rights


	Labor Rights

	Linking international commerce to human rights and labor rights concerns has become a critical issue in trade bargaining and trade policy debates. Bringing the Uruguay Round of negotiations for a new General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to a close in 1994, ministers of the 123 GATT member countries approved a declaration that worker rights must be on the agenda of the new World Trade Organization (WTO) set up to enforce GATT rules.

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