Category: Essay Examples
Essay examples are of great value for students who want to complete their assignments timely and efficiently. If you are a student in the university, your first stop in the quest for research paper examples will be the campus library where you can get to view the sample essays of lecturers and other professionals in diverse fields plus those of fellow students who preceded you in the campus.
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Many college departments maintain libraries of previous student work, including essays, which current students can examine. This collection of free essay examples is our attempt to provide high quality samples of different types of essays on a variety of topics for your study and inspiration.
Ivan Illich (1926–2002) was a one-time Catholic priest, Austrian philosopher, and anarchist social critic of various forms of professional authority. His foremost critique of modern culture was that bureaucratic institutions tend to act counter to their original, rational purpose, thereby undermining people’s confidence in themselves and their ability …
Immigration affects not only the ethnic, racial, religious, and linguistic makeup of immigrant-receiving countries but also conceptions of national identity and relations between the multitudes of groups that constitute pluralistic societies. In particular, it affects relations between ethnic groups, or as Max Weber (1996) describes, “those human groups …
Immigration policy refers to the laws adopted and implemented by nation-states to regulate the entry and permanent settlement of foreigners. Immigration policies encompass ways to control borders, integrate immigrants into society, and meet the labor needs of national economies. There is, however, significant variation in the theoretical and …
Immobolisme (immobilism) refers to a period of political instability and inaction in France from the late 1800s through the mid-1950s. During the Third and Fourth Republics the French government was characterized by a weak executive and a strong legislature. Within the National Assembly, the number of political parties …
Impeachment, often confused with actual removal from office, is the required first step in removing an elected official from office. Impeachment is not the same as removal. Presidents Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were both impeached by the House of Representatives, but the trial conducted in the Senate …
In a strict sense, imperialism is the process of creating an empire. An empire is a complex political unit comprising diverse social units, each with distinct cultural identities, hierarchically organized under the domination of one of its parts. An empire is thus distinct from a national state, which …
Society has a constant need to aggregate preferences. On a personal level, when making decisions, an individual has to make a rational choice based on several criteria. Taking a presidential election as an example, when deciding which candidate to vote for, the constituent has to take into consideration …
Impoundment was a historic power used by presidents of the United States to not spend funds appropriated by Congress. Successive chief executives used the authority to avoid expenditures that they disagreed with or believed were unnecessary. In 1801 Thomas Jefferson initiated impoundment when he delayed spending $50,000 that …
Incrementalism is a theory of decision based on the premise that actors face broad organizational and cognitive limitations in real-life situations and must deal with a complex, uncertain world, the interpretation of which is often a matter of disagreement among them. While democratic interaction is, according to Charles …
Incumbent refers to the current holder of a political office. The term is used mostly in reference to elections as candidates are often defined by their status as an incumbent or a nonincumbent because incumbency instills benefits that are elusive for nonincumbents. One of the most difficult aspects …
The Indian Ocean region (IOR) comprises the forty-seven countries in Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australasia that share the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the third largest world ocean, covering about 20 percent of the earth’s water surface. History The region has …
In an indirect election, the voters do not choose a candidate directly for office but instead choose electors who then decide whom to elect for the constituency. Indirect elections are relatively common, with perhaps the most well-known example of an indirect election involving the U.S. electoral college, which …
The interdependent relationship between the individual and society has been explored by classical philosophers and modern researchers, beginning with Aristotle’s description of humans as social animals about twenty-five hundred years ago. At the heart of this exploration is the puzzling question of how society enters into each individual …
Individualism is largely understood today as a normative doctrine holding the autonomy of individuals to be the final object of moral and political life. The term was originally descriptive, however, invented in the early nineteenth century to describe the atomization of European society that attended democracy’s emergence after …
In its most general form industrial democracy refers to employees’ right to be involved in the decision-making process at the workplace. In some countries such as Germany and Sweden, so-called codetermination between employers and employees is a matter of law (since 1976 in Germany with the Mitbestimungesesetz and …
Inferential techniques allow researchers to learn something about unknown phenomena from known evidence or data. There are chiefly two types of inference: descriptive inference involves extracting useful explanations from masses of evidence; causal inference pinpoints the explanatory factors, frequently suggested by theory, underlying the available data or evidence. …
Australian economist Colin Clark stressed the dominance of different sectors of an economy at different stages of its development and modernization, thus leading to the recognition of the three basic sectors: agriculture, industry, and service. The dominance of each sector was brought about by revolutions, especially in the …
The information technology revolution is transforming business and the economy, leading to the creation of entirely new markets and the transformation (and sometimes destruction) of old ones. Its consequences for politics are more subtle but equally profound. New technologies—including most particularly the Internet but also advances in telecommunications, …
The initiative, a type of direct democracy, allows voters by petition to place one or more constitutional and statutory propositions on the referendum ballot. Propositions also may be placed on the referendum ballot automatically by a constitution (illustrated by the question of convening a constitutional convention placed on …
Inner city refers to the decaying central area of a major city, urban metropolis, or conurbation, comprising the most deprived neighborhoods around the central business district. It is different from the rest of the city in a number of its characteristics: it is an area affected by long-term …
