Category: Essay Examples
Essay examples are of great value for students who want to complete their assignments timely and efficiently. If you are a student in the university, your first stop in the quest for research paper examples will be the campus library where you can get to view the sample essays of lecturers and other professionals in diverse fields plus those of fellow students who preceded you in the campus.
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Many college departments maintain libraries of previous student work, including essays, which current students can examine. This collection of free essay examples is our attempt to provide high quality samples of different types of essays on a variety of topics for your study and inspiration.
Generally, reasonableness is a legal standard used to judge the appropriateness of an individual’s action or inaction in a particular set of circumstances. Judges or juries typically determine reasonableness by balancing a series of situation-specific factors. These reasonableness factors can vary, but usually include the characteristics of the …
There are four main philosophies of punishment: (1) retribution, (2) deterrence, (3) incapacitation, and (4) rehabilitation. A historical review of the correctional system demonstrates that the popularity of the goals come and go with changing times and changing sociopolitical landscapes. Despite this, the goal of rehabilitation was reaffirmed …
Reification refers to the process by which something is made real, brought into existence, or concretized; that is, when an abstract idea or construct is made real as a result of treating it as though it were real. This phenomenon has very real and tragic consequences in the …
Contemporary ethical relativism refers to the concept that ideas of good and bad or right and wrong can and do vary across time, space, cultures, and people. This concept is also referred to as moral relativism or situational ethics and is heavily linked to the idea of cultural …
Religious convictions exist in a state of tension with the social order and the laws that sustain it. The conflicts resulting from this tension can be analyzed in general conceptual terms that shed light upon the fundamentally different organizational principles of religious and political systems. There are two …
The Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union case was the first test involving the regulation of indecent or obscene materials distributed electronically over the Internet. Specifically, this case tested the constitutionality of an attempt by the federal government to prohibit the distribution of obscene materials unless the Web …
Restorative justice is a distinct philosophy of justice that focuses on making amends for harm done. Essentially, restorative justice fulfils the basic requirements of the “social contract,” which in the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau forms the basis of civil society. The fundamental principle of restorative …
In prisons and jails throughout the United States, mechanical restraints have arguably been critically instrumental in controlling general population inmates deemed a threat to the safety and wellbeing of themselves and/or others. Although guidelines established by the American Correctional Association dictate that custodial devices must be employed as …
In the American legal tradition rights under the law encompass both enumerated and implied rights held by individuals singularly and collectively. In the context of criminal law, the majority of defendants’ rights are found in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution. However, individual states can provide greater …
Retribution is one of the principal justifications of punishment, including legal punishment in the context of criminal justice. The core of a retributivist approach is the notion of desert—that punishment is justified by being deserved, with the fact (not the feeling) of guilt being the basis of desert. …
Jeffrey Reiman’s classic text, The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, originally published in 1979, provides a critical examination of the operations and failures of the American criminal justice system and its policies. In its 10th edition, coauthored by Paul Leighton and published in 2010, this …
Risk has been a topic of considerable debate among academics, policy makers, and members of the general public for several decades. Though what constitutes risk often differs between individuals, B. John Garrick has stated that a definition of risk should include the following three questions: What can happen? …
Police robots have been used in almost every aspect of law enforcement, including crime investigation and prevention. Robots can carry cameras, sensors, microphones, tools, and even weapons; using robots equipped with these features for surveillance and other tasks often allows law enforcement officers to operate out of harm’s …
From the colonial era until 2005, the year in which Roper v. Simmons was decided, 366 offenders were executed in the United States for crimes committed as juveniles, including 22 in the contemporary death penalty era, since 1976. The Supreme Court had repeatedly declined to adjudicate the propriety …
The term prima facie duty literally means a “first appearance duty,” or some act that is at first blush or at a first glance a duty. A prima facie duty contrasts with “a duty sans phrase” or “a duty simpliciter, that is, a duty without qualification, or a …
Rotten apple theory is an individualistic perspective of police corruption that views police deviance as the work of isolated individuals (“rotten apples”) who evade detection during the screening and selection process. Once inside a police agency rotten apples prey on an unsuspecting public to further their selfish needs …
The rule of law is a concept that serves both evaluative and descriptive functions. In its evaluative role, the rule of law is a principle of political morality that is supposed to give a basic standard that states and their legal systems must meet in order to be …
Laws regarding the marriage of same-sex couples are in flux, creating confusion and raising many ethical and legal questions. In 2013, 35 states had bans against same-sex marriage; same-sex marriage was legal in 13 states and the District of Columbia. A number of states provided alternative legal recognition …
Michael Sandel (1953– ) is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government at Harvard University, where he began teaching political philosophy in 1980. His popular undergraduate course “Justice” is the first Harvard course to be made freely available on public television and online (www.JusticeHarvard.org). For …
In Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy, “bad faith,” (mauvaise foi) is a form of self-deception that is pervasive in human life and very difficult to avoid. It is related to two other concepts in Sartre’s views about human nature: “facticity,” which refers to all of the facts that are true …
