New World Order Essay ⋆ Political Science Essay Examples ⋆ EssayEmpire

International relations realists and idealists disagree about whether the international system can be transformed from a conflictive anarchic realm to a new world order of peaceful cooperation. The meaning of system transformation varies by theory. According to structural realists, the international system is anarchic and will remain so unless all states surrender their sovereignty to a single world government. Marxists, by contrast, define the current order as capitalist and foresee its replacement by socialism.

Participants in the debate use different terms to describe themselves and the outcomes they foresee. E. H. Carr, for example, contrasted “realist” and “utopian” perspectives on the possibility of “peaceful change,” while V. I. Lenin distinguished between “revolutionary” and “bourgeois” approaches to the “new economic order.”

Debate about the new world order occurs in both academic and policy circles. Its most recent appearance on the public stage was at the end of the cold war, when U.S. president George H. W. Bush used the phrase to wrest the diplomatic initiative from Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev. In a speech to Congress on September 11, 1990, Bush called for “a world where the rule of law supplants the rule of the jungle. A world in which nations recognize the shared responsibility for freedom and justice. A world where the strong respect the rights of the weak.”

Bibliography:

Bush, George H.W., and Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed. New York: Knopf, 1998.
Carr, E. H. The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. Hampshire, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Originally published 1939.
Lenin,V. I. The State and Revolution. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger, 2004. Originally published 1917.
Schmidt, Brian C. The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1998.

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