Transitology is the study of the systemic change process from authoritarian regimes to democracies or to postauthoritarian regimes. Since the late 1970s, after the wave of political transitions swept Greece, Spain, and Portugal and similar changes subsequently occurred in South America, ambitious transitology literature on Latin America and southern Europe focused on generic scenarios of regime change in these two areas. The transitologists have made use of insights originally developed by Robert Dahl, Juan Linz, Dunkwart Rustow, Robert Putnam, and other theorists of democratization. Since the early 1990s, they increasingly began to compare transitions in Latin American and southern European regions with political changes in postcommunist Eastern Europe during the period between 1989 and 1991. By highlighting apparent similarities between these two kinds of transition, such works attempted to provide heuristic models for the study of interaction among political, economic, and social forces in various stages of the transition process in Eastern Europe.
Opponents of transitology argue that there are significant qualitative differences between the transitions in Latin America and southern Europe and that in Eastern Europe. These scholars describe the transition process in Eastern Europe as unique. In other words, they believe that other transitions generate irrelevant evidence for determining explanations of the events in the late-communist and postcommunist Eastern Europe.
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